Sensory Processing Disorder: Causes and Support Strategies

Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD), formerly termed Sensory Integration Dysfunction, is a neurological condition that disrupts the brain’s ability to effectively interpret and respond to sensory information. Individuals experiencing Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) might perceive daily sensations—such as the feel of fabrics, ambient sounds, or specific odors—as overwhelming, perplexing, or potentially distressing. Though frequently identified during childhood, SPD can persist into adulthood, affecting personal, academic, and occupational functioning.

Defining Sensory Processing Disorder
Sensory Processing Disorder involves dysfunction in how the nervous system receives and organizes messages from the senses. For someone with Sensory Processing Disorder, routine sensory input—such as bright lights, loud sounds, or specific textures—might be experienced as too intense or, conversely, barely noticeable. These challenges can lead to heightened emotional reactions, avoidance behaviors, or a strong drive to seek certain sensory inputs.

Although Sensory Processing Disorder is not officially classified as a standalone condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), many professionals recognize it as a meaningful clinical concern. It frequently exists alongside other neurodevelopmental disorders, especially Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Research is ongoing to validate SPD as an independent diagnosis, supported by neuroimaging and genetic studies (Miller et al., 2007).

Root Causes of  Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)

1. Genetic Links
SPD often runs in families. Studies have found structural differences in the brain’s white matter among children with SPD, particularly in areas responsible for sensory integration. These neurological differences suggest a heritable component (Chang et al., 2014).

2. Birth and Prenatal Conditions
Risk factors such as premature birth, low birth weight, or exposure to toxins (e.g., alcohol, nicotine, or drugs) during pregnancy may impair the developing nervous system, increasing susceptibility to SPD.

3. Environmental Influences
Children raised in under-stimulating or chaotic environments, such as institutional settings or neglectful households, may develop sensory processing issues. Early deprivation of rich sensory experiences or exposure to trauma may limit the brain’s ability to process sensory information efficiently.

4. Neurological Variations
Recent developments in brain imaging technologies, such as functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), indicate that children with Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) display impaired connectivity in the brain areas that are crucial for the integration of sensory information (Owen et al., 2013). These neurological anomalies underpin the disorder’s sensory-based symptoms.

The Neurology Behind Sensory Processing Disorder
Sensory Processing Disorder reflects abnormal brain connectivity and processing inefficiencies:

• Disorganized neural pathways: Inefficient white matter tracts compromise communication between sensory and motor centers.
  
• Sensory cortex imbalance: Overactivity or underactivity in sensory areas of the brain can lead to misinterpretation or hypersensitivity to sensory inputs.
  
• Inadequate sensory filtering: Difficulty distinguishing relevant from irrelevant stimuli can result in overstimulation or sensory defensiveness.

Psychological and Emotional Influences

1. Early Trauma
Children exposed to physical or emotional trauma may develop a heightened sensitivity to sensory input, possibly due to an overactive stress response system.

2. Mental Health Conditions
Anxiety, depression, or mood disorders can exacerbate sensory symptoms. For instance, a child with SPD may become anxious in environments that overload their sensory systems, further complicating their ability to cope.

3. Attachment and Parenting Styles
Children lacking secure emotional attachments or raised in environments with inconsistent caregiving may exhibit irregular sensory behaviors. Emotional regulation plays a key role in sensory modulation, making early relationships crucial in shaping sensory responses.

Types of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)
SPD can be classified into three main subtypes, each reflecting different sensory challenges:

1. Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD)
SMD denotes the challenge of managing reactions to sensory stimuli. It consists of three different variations:

• Sensory over-responsivity (hypersensitivity): Individuals may be overly sensitive to sounds, textures, or lights, reacting with distress or withdrawal.
  
• Sensory under-responsivity (hyposensitivity): Individuals exhibiting this condition may seem passive, unresponsive, or oblivious to environmental stimuli.
  
• Sensory seeking: A strong craving for sensory input can lead to behaviors such as spinning, crashing, or touching everything.
  

2. Sensory-Based Motor Disorder
This subtype involves motor skill difficulties stemming from impaired sensory input processing.

• Postural disorder: Trouble with balance, muscle tone, or postural stability.
  
• Dyspraxia: Difficulty in planning and executing motor tasks (e.g., writing, dressing, or sports).

3. Sensory Discrimination Disorder
Individuals struggle to differentiate between sensory qualities, such as textures, sounds, or positions in space. This can lead to poor motor coordination, clumsiness, or misjudgment of spatial boundaries.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder
Common signs of Sensory Processing Disorder include:

• Extreme sensitivity to touch, noise, or light
  
• Poor motor coordination or clumsiness
  
• Avoidance of certain textures or sensory-rich environments
  
• Frequent meltdowns or anxiety in overstimulating settings
  
• Sensory-seeking behaviors such as spinning, jumping, or chewing
  
• Trouble focusing or appearing “zoned out”
  
• Difficulty transitioning between tasks or environments
  

Impact on Daily Life and Functioning
Sensory Processing Disorder can significantly affect a person’s academic performance, social relationships, and emotional well-being. For adults, SPD may interfere with workplace productivity, relationship stability, and self-regulation. If not addressed, the condition may result in chronic stress and diminished self-esteem.

Managing SPD: Therapies and Resources

A multidisciplinary approach involving occupational therapy, psychological counselling, and family support is most effective in treating Sensory Processing Disorder. Timely intervention enhances the probability of achieving successful results.

1. Occupational Therapy with Sensory Integration (OT-SI)

Occupational therapists use structured sensory activities—such as swinging, brushing, deep pressure, or balance exercises—to help individuals adapt and regulate their responses to sensory stimuli (Schaaf & Mailloux, 2015).

2. Psychological Counselling

Therapeutic approaches like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), mindfulness practices, and parent-child interaction therapy help individuals develop emotional resilience, improve self-regulation, and reduce anxiety-related responses.

3. Online and Local Counselling Resources

TalktoAngel
This mental health platform provides online counselling sessions for children and adults experiencing SPD symptoms. Their team includes professionals trained in child development, parenting, and neurodiversity, offering flexible and confidential support.

Psychowellness Center, Janakpuri (Delhi)
Located in Janakpuri, Delhi, the Psychowellness Center provides in-person assessments and therapeutic services for children with sensory integration issues. Services include:

• Sensory Integration Therapy
• Occupational Therapy
• Pediatric Counselling
• Parent Coaching

Their skilled team of the best psychologists in India designs individualized interventions that help children gain better sensory control while empowering caregivers to support their progress at home.

In Closing
Though SPD alters how individuals experience and react to the world, timely diagnosis, early support, and consistent therapy can dramatically enhance functioning and quality of life. Whether it’s through occupational therapy, psychological counselling, or community resources, individuals with SPD can learn to manage their sensory environment and thrive.

Facilities like TalktoAngel and Psychowellness Center, recognized as the best mental health wellness clinics in Delhi, offer much-needed guidance and structured support, fostering empathy, awareness, and empowerment for families navigating SPD.

References

• Ayres, A. J. (2005). Sensory integration and the child: Understanding hidden sensory challenges (25th Anniversary ed.). Western Psychological Services.
• Bundy, A. C., Lane, S. J., & Murray, E. A. (2002). Sensory integration: Theory and practice (2nd ed.). F.A. Davis Company.
• Dunn, W. (1997). The impact of sensory processing abilities on the daily lives of young children and their families: A conceptual model. Infants & Young Children, 9(4), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001163-199704000-00005
• Miller, L. J., Anzalone, M. E., Lane, S. J., Cermak, S. A., & Osten, E. T. (2007). Concept evolution in sensory integration: A proposed nosology for diagnosis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.61.2.135
• Schaaf, R. C., & Mailloux, Z. (2015). Clinician’s guide for implementing Ayres Sensory Integration: Promoting participation for children with autism. AOTA Press.